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Intergradation between Mexican Duck and Mallard in Arizona

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The Mexican Duck was formerly considered a species (Anas diazi), and is currently lumped with Mallard (as subspecies Anas platyrhynchos diazi), but recent DNA studies suggest that Mottled Duck (not Mallard) is its closest relative (McCracken et al. 2001). Whatever its genetic background, it is clear from field observations that Mexican Ducks and Mallards interbreed freely where their ranges meet, such as around Tucson, Arizona.

In that region, a complete range of intermediate plumage states can be seen in the male ducks. Birds that look more like pure Mexican Ducks can be found more often south and east of Tucson, for example along the San Pedro River east of Sierra Vista. And, conversely, the influence of Mexican Duck spreads far to the north. On 29 April 2011, near Cottonwood, AZ, I saw several Mallards similar to the second-to-last male in these photos – with reduced neck ring, brownish throat and brown smudges on the flanks – unlike any Mallard that I see in the northeastern US. This is about 200 miles north of Tucson, and suggests that the zone of intergradation extends not only south into Mexico (as “slightly paler” Mexican Ducks, but also well to the north (as “slightly darker” Northern Mallards).

The map below shows the average plumage score of Mallards along a north-south transect in Mexico and Arizona. Mexican data is from Scott and Reynolds (1984), Arizona data is estimated from personal field observations. Scott and Reynolds described the variation as a “smooth cline” of increasing darkness to the south, but their sample size was limited (averaging under 9 birds from each of six locations) and one location in the middle of their samples showed a stronger Northern influence than the others. Their data could just as easily be interpreted as a relatively uniform Mexican-like population south of the border, especially since all of their birds scored closer to Mexican, and not a single one closer to Northern. Field observations north of the border suggest a very steep cline from mostly Mexican-like southeast of Tucson, to highly variable but mostly Northern-like at Tucson, to almost pure Northern-like in central Arizona (but again, these sample sizes are small and surveys informal).

Map showing the average plumage scores of Mallard-type ducks; dark brown indicates Mexican-like features, gray Northern-like features.

The series of photos below were all taken at Sweetwater Wetlands, Tucson, AZ on 3 May 2011; copyright David Sibley.

Male Mallard close to Mexican-type, a "pure" Mexican Duck would be darker overall, without any hint of reddish breast or dark uppertail coverts, and without obvious white in the tail. This was the best Mexican Duck I saw in Tucson, but several better candidates were seen along the San Pedro River about 60 miles southeast of Tucson.

Male Mallard intermediate between Northern and Mexican, this individual is closer to Mexican, but shows a rufous breast, pale tail, curled black uppertail coverts, gray face with dark front, and gray tertials, which are all tendencies towards Northern Mallard.
Male Mallard intermediate between Northern and Mexican, this individual is close to the midpoint between the two subspecies, although the white tail looks pure Northern.
Male Mallard intermediate between Northern and Mexican, closer to Northern, but with mostly brown head and back.
Male Mallard intermediate between Northern and Mexican; an unusually dark individual, and perhaps a domestic variant, but details such as mostly green head and curled uppertail coverts place it very close to Northern-type.
Male Mallard close to Northern-type, but with a few brown feathers on head, reduced white neck ring, brown smudges on flanks, and brown scapulars.
Male Mallard very close to Northern-type, but with virtually no white collar and unusually brown scapulars and upperwing coverts, as well as a few gray flecks on throat.
Female Mallard; this bird was paired with the male Mexican-type shown in the first photo above. It appears identical to many female Northern Mallards, although the mostly dark bill is unusual, and it has a relatively large amount of dark in the tail. It may be the female equivalent of the Northern-like males above, but this is much more difficult to ascertain on females.

References

McCracken, K. G. , W. P. Johnson, & F. H. Sheldon. 2001. Molecular population genetics, phylogeography, and conservation biology of the mottled duck (Anas fulvigula). Conservation Genetics 2: 87-102.

Scott, N. J., Jr., and R. P. Reynolds.  1984.  Phenotypic Variation of the Mexican Duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico.  Condor 86:  266-274. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v086n03/p0266-p0274.pdf

Webster. R. 2006. The Status of Mottled Duck (Anas fulvigula) in Arizona. Arizona Birds Online 2: 6-9. http://www.azfo.org/journal/volumes/Volume2-3.pdf

5 thoughts on “Intergradation between Mexican Duck and Mallard in Arizona”

  1. CA Bingham

    September 1st hubby and I ate at L’Auberge Restaurant on Oak Creek. Ate creek side which had around 20 of these unusual ‘mallards’. Drakes look VERY much like hens, only a little blue feathering is more indicative of males. Males also have brown heads with dark brown streaks. A couple drakes and a hen with a still-fuzzy duckling took to ‘beseeching’ diners for tidbits.

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